Sources and license:Simplified Chinese source text is organized from public-domain Wikisource text; English uses James Legge's 1893-1895 public-domain translation; the modern Chinese guide follows the 1948 Guangyi Shuju Baihua Lunyu Duben tradition.
Citation: keep the exact passage URL and identify whether you cite the source text, modern Chinese guide, English translation, or site note.
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v1.0 · 2026-08-20